serological testing chart 4 western blot results

Urine filtration, microhaematuria and proteinuria were used as index tests. The research was a prospective study for the use of Schistosoma ICT IgG-IgM on the field. The Local Government is an area of intense agricultural and fishing activities. The area is inhabited by civil servants, agricultural business people and peasant farmers. The average temperature is between 24 and 32 ☌ with a peak at 37 ☌ in March and April. There are two distinct seasons: the rainy season, which starts from mid-March to mid-October and the dry season from mid-October to mid-March. The annual rainfall ranges between 1,200 – 2,000 mm. The climate of the area is tropical with vegetation characterized by a typical guinea savannah interspersed with gallery forest. The wards selected were Barki-Lissa, Birama, Chanchanji, Kashimbila, Manya, Malumshe, and Sufa ( Supplementary Figure 1). The areas were all drained by substantial rivers from which inhabitants depend on for their daily home activities. The selection was based on the presence of functional Primary Health Care Centers, where inhabitants were referred to for treatment. The Local Government Area is sub-divided into 10 wards among which seven wards were selected. It is bordered to the South by the Republic of Cameroon, to the West by Ussa LGA, to the North by Donga LGA and to the East by Katsina-Ala LGA, Benue State. The study was conducted in Takum Local Government Area (LGA) located at latitude 07° 15′N and longitude 09° 59′E of Taraba State, Northeast, Nigeria. This research compared Schistosoma ICT Ig G - IgM to reagent strips and filtration usually used on the field. This study evaluated the first screening performance of Schistosoma ICT Ig G - IgM in Nigeria 6 months after its commercial availability. Schistosoma ICT Ig G - IgM was developed recently as a rapid and qualitative test. The test was unsatisfactory because it had a limitation in single diagnosis of infected individuals and was also labor intensive. Urine filtration and egg visualization used to be the technique for diagnosing urinary schistosomiasis in Africa. The usual laboratory examination of schistosomiasis in health centers of rural and urban areas was based on reagent strips. Schistosoma mansoni was also found among rural people but with low infection in different communities. It varied respectively from various locations, 62.0% in Kwara State and 45.6% in Kano State. In Nigeria, urinary schistosomiasis affects rural inhabitants. They are usually exposed to infection through their agricultural practices of farming rice, recreational and domestic activities, fishing, and swimming in infested ponds or rivers. In sub-Saharan Africa, schistosomiasis is a serious public health for rural inhabitants. It has been estimated that 240 million people are infected around the world and about 90% of them are found in sub-Saharan Africa. The disease is an acute and chronic illness affecting humans living in rural areas. Schistosomiasis is a neglected tropical disease caused by Schistosoma sp which are trematode worms. Schistosoma ICT Ig G - IgM has proven to be the best technique for the screening of urinary schistosomiasis in Nigeria. Schistosoma ICT Ig G - IgM had a good Cohen’s kappa index (κ=0.68), good Youden index (YI=0.58) and good diagnostic accuracy (DA=0.78). The test had a sensitivity of 94.9%, specificity of 63.9%, positive predictive value of 72.4%, negative predictive value of 92.6%, and positive likelihood ratio of 2.62. The statistical significance was at p-value ≤0.05. The Youden index (YI) and diagnostic accuracy (DA) were used to determine the accuracy of each test. The performance of the index tests was determined using sensitivity (Se), specificity (Sp), positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV) and positive likelihood ratio (PLR). Then, 3 mL of each preserved serum was sent to LDBIO Diagnostics, France for re-examination with Schistosoma ICT IgG-IgM and confirmation with SCHISTO Western blot (WB) IgG. Schistosoma ICT Ig G - IgM used 2 mL of each serum for serological examination. Reagent strips, urine filtration and Schistosoma ICT Ig G - IgM were used for analysis. Three hundred and seventy four (374) urine samples were examined. This study evaluated the performance of Schistosoma ICT Ig G - IgM for screening urinary schistosomiasis in Nigeria. Schistosomiasis is a blood fluke parasitic illness affecting human lives in rural endemic areas.

Serological testing chart 4 western blot results